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Celebrity Couples Who Called it Quits in Bobcat's electric digger wants to clean up construction sites. Karen Robock. Load Error. Replay Video. Skip Ad. Read more. Microsoft and partners may be compensated if you purchase something through recommended links in this article. The angle the steepness of the inclined plane determines how much effort is needed to raise the weight.
The steeper the ramp, the more effort is required. That means that if we lift our lb. If we were to use an 8-foot 2. If we want to lift that same lb. This would let us pull down instead of up on the rope, but it still requires lbs.
However, if we were to use two pulleys — one attached to the overhead beam, and the other attached to the weight — and we were to attach one end of the rope to the beam, run it through the pulley on the weight and then through the pulley on the beam, we would only have to pull on the rope with 50 lbs.
Again, we have traded increased distance for decreased force. If we want to use even less force over an even greater distance, we can use a block and tackle. According to course materials from the University of South Carolina, "A block and tackle is a combination of pulleys which reduces the amount of force required to lift something.
The trade-off is that a longer length of rope is required for a block and tackle to move something the same distance. As simple as pulleys are, they are still finding use in the most advanced new machines. For example, the Hangprinter , a 3D printer that can build furniture-sized objects, employs a system of wires and computer-controlled pulleys anchored to the walls, floor, and ceiling. Many devices use screws to exert a force that is much greater than the force used to turn the screw.
These devices include bench vices and lug nuts on automobile wheels. They gain a mechanical advantage not only from the screw itself but also, in many cases, from the leverage of a long handle used to turn the screw. According to the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, "Wedges are moving inclined planes that are driven under loads to lift, or into a load to split or separate.
For example, if we want to split a log, we can drive a wedge downward into the end of the log with great force using a sledgehammer, and the wedge will redirect this force outward, causing the wood to split. Another example is a doorstop, where the force used to push it under the edge of the door is transferred downward, resulting in frictional force that resists sliding across the floor. Find some fun activities involving simple machines at the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago.
The people map box 2 represents the various people involved in a work system and how they relate or interact in practice, not as idealised on an organisational chart. Because people perform tasks and roles, a people map can also show which people or groups perform which activities and how they interact with each other in a role network. Shapes to represent roles eg, patient, pharmacist , individuals eg, Patient 1, Patient 2 or types eg, spouse, child.
SEIPS components addressed : the people component of the work system and to a lesser extent the tasks those people perform. Figure 2 offers example people maps based on heart failure care research. Despite the simplicity of this example, typical evidence-based personas can depict far more nuanced differences. Such personas become tools for designers to both understand the range of stakeholders or situations to be accommodated and accommodate each.
Example people maps. The tools matrix documents key artefacts, instruments or technologies in the system and their users, purpose, use frequency, accessibility and estimated or measured 38 usability. Tasks and tools can be ordered or organised, for example, by frequency, criticality or timeline eg, before, during, after a home visit. Completing these matrices informs changes to tasks eg, reassigning scheduling or having caregivers self-administer assessments and tools eg, replace handheld scanner with smartphone or tablet.
Templates of these matrices are available in the online supplemental file. Examples of tasks, tools and tasks X tools matrices based on a prior work system analysis of a community-based brain health care coordination programme Primary uses : to enumerate, describe and evaluate tasks and tools, often to design or redesign them or to identify gaps between the tasks performed and the tools available.
An outcomes matrix box 4 identifies and organises the various outcomes of interest, whether they represent project goals, measures to be collected or evaluation criteria. Not every outcome needs to be depicted or measured but a thorough analysis of outcomes for various stakeholders, including attention to proximal and distal as well as desirable and undesirable outcomes, 3 can be useful for planning or evaluation.
In light of our human-centred systems approach based on human factors and ergonomics, 39 it is important to consider outcomes for various stakeholders and to achieve an optimal balance of outcomes across stakeholders, such as patients, informal caregivers, clinicians and healthcare organisations. For instance, a project aimed at improving an infection prevention practice should achieve improvement in patient safety eg, reduction of hospital-acquired infections while avoiding additional stress and negative outcomes for physicians and nurses eg, due to additional steps or tasks and increasing burden.
Therefore, we recommend that outcomes be balanced across all key stakeholders relevant for the particular project or study. Outcomes can also be ranked or rated on priority, likelihood or other dimensions and their measures specified. Primary uses : to proactively or reactively identify the relevant outcomes to consider, especially when needing to comprehensively document multiple types of outcomes and their measures in an organised manner.
The journey map box 5 or process map is a tool to explain one or more work processes while simultaneously depicting other relevant factors or conditions over time. Figure 3 has examples of simplified journey maps: one for a patient experiencing a change in their medications 40 figure 3A and one for bedside rounding in a paediatric hospital 41 figure 3B. There are many tools for depicting process or workflow, with great variation in what is presented and how this is done.
By leveraging colour, imagery, spatial relationships and other visualisation techniques, journey maps often convey multidimensional information in a salient, usable and memorable way.
SEIPS components addressed : the process component, often simultaneously with work system and outcomes components. Primary uses : to depict a process over time and how work system conditions and outcomes change during the course of the process, often used to identify problems or patterns that will need to be addressed when modifying or designing a process or system.
This tool box 6 —also called the configural diagram 3 13 29 46 —depicts how work system factors interact. Interactions diagrams are not meant to be fully inclusive; they are better suited to show only the most relevant or consequential factors and interactions. Figure 4 applies the interactions diagram to show how multiple factors combine and affect or mitigate each other to shape nutrition for hypertensive patients living in food deserts.
Even in the face of seemingly uncontrollable factors eg, where patients dwell , the system can result in good performance, depending on the interactions of all relevant system factors eg, programmes to screen for and address food insecurity. Primary uses : to depict the relevant subset of work system factors whose interactions are meaningful, often with the intent to select the aspects of a system to address during design.
A second use is to draw comparisons of two or more sets of system interactions. Another use of interactions diagrams is comparing the contributing system factors between:.
Processes : for example, medication ordering versus dispensing versus administration. Storytelling is a tool pervading time and culture. Stories are compelling and easy to understand, remember, reshare and repurpose, yet convey much information and complexity.
This tool is often used to frame a persuasive or memorable argument about how work systems, processes and outcomes are related. SEIPS components addressed : the combination of work system, processes and outcomes. Once the systems story is framed, telling the story is also important; one should take advantage of powerful storytelling formulas such as comparing opposites eg, heroes and villains, the tale of two cities , use of repetition and parallel structure, the problem-resolution story device or triumphs of the underdog.
Such evaluation might assess the extent to which the models and tools allow users to accomplish their tasks effectively, efficiently and satisfactorily, per the standard international definition of usability. Over time, we anticipate consumers of SEIPS and its tools will gain expertise with them, consult the broader literature on SEIPS and related work system models and approaches, report their experiences and adaptations of the tools and partner with other systems thinkers including formally trained human-centred systems engineers to improve efficiency and effectiveness.
Ideally, future work will produce additional SEIPS tools and off-the-shelf methods, along with simplifications and tools derived from other theoretical frameworks, for easier and more useful practical application in quality, safety and health.
This web only file has been produced by the BMJ Publishing Group from an electronic file supplied by the author s and has not been edited for content. Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors. Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
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Log in via OpenAthens. Log in using your username and password For personal accounts OR managers of institutional accounts. Forgot your log in details? Register a new account? Forgot your user name or password? Search for this keyword. Advanced search. Latest content Current issue Archive Authors About. Log in via Institution. Email alerts. Article Text. Article menu. Narrative review. Statistics from Altmetric. Supplemental material [bmjqssupp View this table: View inline View popup. Tool 2: people map The people map box 2 represents the various people involved in a work system and how they relate or interact in practice, not as idealised on an organisational chart.
Shape size to represent relative frequency or importance. Lines or arrows to represent relationships and interactions between people. Box 2 People map SEIPS components addressed : the people component of the work system and to a lesser extent the tasks those people perform.
Figure 2 Example people maps. Table 2 Examples of tasks, tools and tasks X tools matrices based on a prior work system analysis of a community-based brain health care coordination programme Tool 4: outcomes matrix An outcomes matrix box 4 identifies and organises the various outcomes of interest, whether they represent project goals, measures to be collected or evaluation criteria.
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